Why are phthalates bad

Allergy Clin. Prenatal phthalate exposures and body mass index among 4- to 7-year-old children: a pooled analysis. Epidemiology 27 , — Consumer product exposures associated with urinary phthalate levels in pregnant women. Urinary and amniotic fluid levels of phthalate monoesters in rats after the oral administration of di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate. Toxicology , 22— Plasticizers induced mononuclear cells interleukin 1 production: implications with peritoneal sclerosis.

Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and phthalate metabolites measured during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Estradiol acts directly on bone marrow myeloid progenitors to differentially regulate GM-CSF or Flt3 ligand-mediated dendritic cell differentiation.

Critical window of male reproductive tract development in rats following gestational exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Off to a good start: the influence of pre- and periconceptional exposures, parental fertility, and nutrition on children's health.

Association between fetal exposure to phthalate endocrine disruptor and genome-wide DNA methylation at birth. Lower concentrations of phthalates induce proliferation in human breast cancer cells. Climacteric 17 , — Impact of low concentrations of phthalates on the effects of 17beta-estradiol in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Analysis of di-n-butyl phthalate and other organic pollutants in Chongqing women undergoing parturition. The impact of gestational hypothyroxinemia on the cognitive and motor development of offspring. Fetal Neonatal Med. Reduced camptothecin sensitivity of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells following exposure to di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate DEHP is associated with DNA methylation changes.

Exposure to mono-n-butyl phthalate disrupts the development of preimplantation embryos. TET family proteins and their role in stem cell differentiation and transformation. Cell Stem Cell 9 , — Food Chem. High plasma concentrations of di- 2-ethylhexyl -phthalate in women with endometriosis. Generation of embryonic stem cells: limitations of and alternatives to inner cell mass harvest. Focus 24 :E4.

Comparative Toxicogenomics Database: a knowledgebase and discovery tool for chemical-gene-disease networks. Nucleic Acids Res. Small thymus at birth and gestational age. Small thymus in very low birth weight infants born to mothers with subclinical chorioamnionitis. PPAR-mediated activity of phthalates: a link to the obesity epidemic? Estimated daily intake and cumulative risk assessment of phthalate diesters in a Belgian general population.

Diet and contaminants: driving the rise to obesity epidemics? Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development.

Transgenerational effects of di- 2-ethylhexyl phthalate on testicular germ cell associations and spermatogonial stem cells in mice. Follicular fluid and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites among infertile women and associations with in vitro fertilization parameters.

Decreased anogenital distance and increased incidence of undescended testes in fetuses of rats given monobenzyl phthalate, a major metabolite of butyl benzyl phthalate. Prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with childhood behavior and executive functioning. Persistent associations between maternal prenatal exposure to phthalates on child IQ at age 7 years. Environmental phthalate exposure and preterm birth. JAMA Pediatr. Drug Administration Rockville, MD: Food U.

Frederiksen H. Metabolism of phthalates in humans. Food Res. High urinary phthalate concentration associated with delayed pubarche in girls.

Evidence for a role of developmental genes in the origin of obesity and body fat distribution. Disruption in thyroid signaling pathway: a mechanism for the effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on child neurodevelopment. Living with the past: evolution, development, and patterns of disease. Science , — In vitro effects of monophthalates on cytokine expression in the monocytic cell line THP-1 and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic and non-allergic donors.

In Vitro 16 , — Epigenetics: a landscape takes shape. Cell , — Intrauterine infection and prematurity. Executive summary to EDC the endocrine society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Exposure to phthalate, an endocrine disrupting chemical, alters the first trimester placental methylome and transcriptome in women. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands: nutritional and clinical implications—a review. Phthalates affect the in vitro expansion of human hematopoietic stem cell.

Cytotechnology 71 , — A reexamination of the PPAR-alpha activation mode of action as a basis for assessing human cancer risks of environmental contaminants. Phthalates and human health. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and reproductive outcomes among women undergoing in vitro fertilization: results from the EARTH study.

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms. Cell , 95— Identification and measurement of plasticizer in neonatal tissues after umbilical catheters and blood products.

Cell 56 , — Conflict of estrogenic activity by various phthalates between in vitro and in vivo models related to the expression of Calbindin-D9k. Effect of vitamin D3 on production of progesterone in porcine granulosa cells by regulation of steroidogenic enzymes. Phthalate exposure and allergy in the U. A critical view on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans.

Association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and the health of newborns. Risk for estrogen-dependent diseases in relation to phthalate exposure and polymorphisms of CYP17A1 and estrogen receptor genes. Distinct roles of the methylcytosine oxidases Tet1 and Tet2 in mouse embryonic stem cells. Deleterious effects of endocrine disruptors are corrected in the mammalian germline by epigenome reprogramming.

Genome Biol. Role of Tet proteins in 5mC to 5hmC conversion, ES-cell self-renewal and inner cell mass specification. Phthalate esters modulate the differentiation and maturation of mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived dendritic cells. Nuclear cloning, epigenetic reprogramming, and cellular differentiation. Cold Spring Harb. Maternal phthalate exposure promotes allergic airway inflammation over 2 generations through epigenetic modifications. Minireview: PPARgamma as the target of obesogens.

Steroid Biochem. Obesogens, stem cells and the developmental programming of obesity. Altered expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition and pluripotent associated markers by sex steroid hormones in human embryonic stem cells.

Species-specific dibutyl phthalate fetal testis endocrine disruption correlates with inhibition of SREBP2-dependent gene expression pathways. Mono 2-ethylhydroxyhexyl phthalate and mono- 2-ethyloxohexyl phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment to di- 2-ethylhexyl phthalate.

Association of diethylhexyl phthalate with obesity-related markers and body mass change from birth to 3 months of age. J Epidemiol Community Health 70 , — Association between maternal exposure to major phthalates, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants, and the neurodevelopmental performances of their children at 1 to 2years of age- CHECK cohort study.

Total Environ. Identifying sources of phthalate exposure with human biomonitoring: results of a 48h fasting study with urine collection and personal activity patterns. Health , — Relationship between everyday use cosmetics and female breast cancer.

The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain. Phthalates suppress type I interferon in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells via epigenetic regulation. Allergy 68 , — First-trimester urine concentrations of phthalate metabolites and phenols and placenta miRNA expression in a cohort of U. Potential hazards of exposure to di- 2-ethylhexyl -phthalate in babies.

Neonate 78 , — Materials degradation in endotracheal tubes: a potential contributor to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Acta Paediatr 88 , — Exposure to Di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate in humans during pregnancy. A preliminary report. Neonate 83 , 22— In utero exposure to di- 2-ethylhexyl phthalate and duration of human pregnancy. Evaluation of in vitro screening system for estrogenicity: comparison of stably transfected human estrogen receptor-alpha transcriptional activation OECD TG assay and estrogen receptor ER binding assay.

T, Korevaar I. Thyroid function in early pregnancy, child IQ, and autistic traits: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. TET enzymes and 5hmC in adaptive and innate immune systems.

Polyvinylchloride infusion lines expose infants to large amounts of toxic plasticizers. Exposure to phthalates and breast cancer risk in northern Mexico. MicroRNA: biogenesis, function and role in cancer. Genomics 11 , — Placental lncRNA expression is associated with prenatal phthalate exposure.

Is the haematopoietic effect of testosterone mediated by erythropoietin? The results of a clinical trial in older men. Andrology 1 , 24— Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Maternal exposure to low-level air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study.

Health 1 Estimated daily phthalate exposures in a population of mothers of male infants exhibiting reduced anogenital distance. Urinary concentrations of phenols and phthalate metabolites reflect extracellular vesicle microRNA expression in follicular fluid. In utero exposure to di- 2-ethylhexyl phthalate decreases mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the adult testis. Endocrinology , — Identification of hot spots of DNA methylation in the adult male adrenal in response to in utero exposure to the ubiquitous endocrine disruptor plasticizer di- 2-ethylhexyl phthalate.

Unhealthy levels of phthalates and bisphenol A in Mexican pregnant women with gestational diabetes and its association to altered expression of miRNAs involved with metabolic disease. Timing of prenatal phthalate exposure in relation to genital endpoints in male newborns. Andrology 4 , — Expression and potential roles of pregnane X receptor in endometrial cancer. The epigenome as a target for heritable environmental disruptions of cellular function.

NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction reports on phthalates: addressing the data gaps. DNA methylation as a genomic marker of exposure to chemical and environmental agents.

Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. Stem Cells Dev. Placental exosomes in normal and complicated pregnancy. Tissue-specific changes in Srebf1 and Srebf2 expression and DNA methylation with perinatal phthalate exposure. Transgenerational and intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in allergic diseases. Levels of phthalate metabolites in urine of pregnant women and risk of clinical pregnancy loss. Male reproductive tract malformations in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to Di n-butyl phthalate: an antiandrogenic mechanism?

Oestrogen increases haematopoietic stem-cell self-renewal in females and during pregnancy. NIH Pub. Epigenetics and the placenta. Update 17 , — Tissue type is a major modifier of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine content of human genes. Genome Res. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet , — Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of ovarian disease.

Effects of phthalates on the development and expression of allergic disease and asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell 99 , — Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Interpretation Manual, 2nd Edn. Exposure of newborn infants to di- 2-ethylhexyl -phthalate and 2-ethylhexanoic acid following exchange transfusion with polyvinylchloride catheters.

Transfusion 33 , — Effect of thyroid hormones on neurons and neurodevelopment. Molecular signaling pathways that regulate prostate gland development. Differentiation 76 , — In utero effects. In utero undernourishment perturbs the adult sperm methylome and intergenerational metabolism. Science Phthalate exposure in utero causes epigenetic changes and impairs insulin signalling.

Cytokine changes in maternal peripheral blood correlate with time-to-delivery in pregnancies complicated by premature prelabor rupture of the membranes. How can phthalates get into your body? Some ways that phthalates come into your body include: Consumption of food and drinks that were packaged or served in plastic with phthalates.

Consumption of meat and dairy products from animals exposed to phthalates. Using certain cosmetics with phthalates. For example, nail polish and hair sprays. Production of food packaging using plastic tubing, plastic containers and food preparation gloves. How can I protect myself and my kids from phthalates? Why do they show up in our products?

Are they harmful or restricted for use? Should we avoid phthalates in our cosmetics? And, if so, how? Some phthalates are proven or suspected to be harmful both to our health and the environment. We can divide the many different phthalates into two separate groups: 1 high phthalates, or those with a high molecular weight and 2 low phthalates, those with a low molecular weight.

Low phthalates are used as solvents or fixatives. Based on research, scientists suspect that low phthalates in personal care products — including makeup — disrupt the endocrine system [1], which contributes to reproductive dysfunction. In the U.

If you are purchasing a product that contains fragrance, try to find phthalate-free products that are labeled as such. Phthalates are common ingredients in fragrance, so pay extra attention to fragrant products. There is still a lot to learn about phthalates, but the documented risks can cause serious impacts on our health. At Blueland, we did not want to take the risk and all of our products, including those containing fragrance, are free from phthalates.

Does Blueland Use Phthalates? Blueland products do not contain any phthalates. At Blueland the safety of our products is one of our top concerns.