Who left Sea Patrol? Are the Samaru Islands real? How many seasons of Sea Patrol are there? Over the five seasons , 68 episodes were aired. What is slang for a Navy sailor?

What rank is a coxswain? What is the Australian Navy called? Is Sea Patrol still in production? Is Sea Patrol based on true events? What is a buffer in the Australian navy? Do Kate and Mike get together? Where can I watch Sea Patrol Season 4? More A-Team action as they spray machine guns at each other harmlessly - at least the Navy starts shooting back immediately this time - but wait! They're actually shooting the bad guys! It took dozens of people firing hundreds of rounds, but they got them both!

When did the series take place?? Again, how much time has passed? Come to think of it, whatever happened to his son? Since Maxine's husband just died, now they can get married and straighten Ryan out.

Poor poor Mike! It's a tragic ending afterall! No word on what became of Max or Ryan. And again I've had two kids, become a family and worked with producers who run their show like a family. The only hint has come the previous night. Di McElroy has joked that another long-time cast member has begged for a big exit - so an explosion may well be in the offing at some point. McCune is looking forward this season to again showing XO's more vulnerable side as she and Stenlake's Flynn continue their relationship.

Such a change from barking out orders. Stenlake's observation that she also got to snog him elicits a derisive guffaw from his castmate. The two laughingly catalogue the injuries of five seasons on a show that has an amazing safety record - despite the complexity of its stunts and the fact that much of it is filmed on water rather than terra firma.

Another original cast member, Kristian Schmid, is still being solidly bagged about last season's man overboard incident in which, as Stenlake puts it, "Schmid walked onto a boat that wasn't there". Someone got a fish hook through his arm. The closest they've seen to potential casualty this season was off-set, when Conrad Coleby Dutchy Mullholland , insisted on hurtling home downhill on a skateboard after regular barbecues at the McElroy's Mission Beach house.

User reviews 2 Review. Top review. Bad ending. I love watching the show Sea Patrol. But i hate the way they ended it. Jim and Swain shouldn't of died in that boat exsplosion like it showed in the last episode. Plus what was said about what the crew done since that faithfully day where they saw a close friend, Hammersley family died before there eyes would shock any one.

What metals did the crew get beside Jim and swain getting the Victoria cross for what they did? But it leave a number of unanswered questions.

Did Kate get promoted.

This means that there must then be two x -intercepts on the graph. Graphing, we get the curve below:. This can be useful if you have a graphing calculator, because you can use the Quadratic Formula when necessary to solve a quadratic, and then use your graphing calculator to make sure that the displayed x -intercepts have the same decimal values as do the solutions provided by the Quadratic Formula.

Note, however, that the calculator's display of the graph will probably have some pixel-related round-off error, so you'd be checking to see that the computed and graphed values were reasonably close; don't expect an exact match. I will apply the Quadratic Formula. In general, no, you really shouldn't. The "solution" or "roots" or "zeroes" of a quadratic are usually required to be in the "exact" form of the answer.

You can use the rounded form when graphing if necessary , but "the answer s " from the Quadratic Formula should be written out in the often messy "exact" form. In the example above, the exact form is the one with the square roots of ten in it.

If you're wanting to graph the x -intercepts or needing to simplify the final answer in a word problem to be of a practical "real world" form, then you can use the calculator's approximation. But unless you have a good reason to think that the answer is supposed to be a rounded answer, always go with the exact form. Just as in the previous example, the x -intercepts match the zeroes from the Quadratic Formula. This is always true.

The "solutions" of an equation are also the x -intercepts of the corresponding graph. Page 1 Page 2 Page 3. All right reserved. Web Design by.

Skip to main content. Purplemath When would I use the Quadratic Formula? Content Continues Below. What is the Quadratic Formula? A quadratic equation with real numbers as coefficients can have the following:.

Two different real roots if the discriminant b 2 — 4 ac is a positive number. Setting all terms equal to 0,. Then substitute 1 which is understood to be in front of the x 2 , —5, and 6 for a , b , and c, respectively, in the quadratic formula and simplify. Because the discriminant b 2 — 4 ac is positive, you get two different real roots. Example produces rational roots.

In Example , the quadratic formula is used to solve an equation whose roots are not rational. Then substitute 1, 2, and —2 for a , b , and c, respectively, in the quadratic formula and simplify. Since the discriminant b 2 — 4 ac is 0, the equation has one root. The quadratic formula can also be used to solve quadratic equations whose roots are imaginary numbers, that is, they have no solution in the real number system.

Since the discriminant b 2 — 4 ac is negative, this equation has no solution in the real number system. But if you were to express the solution using imaginary numbers, the solutions would be. A third method of solving quadratic equations that works with both real and imaginary roots is called completing the square.

Using the value of b from this new equation, add to both sides of the equation to form a perfect square on the left side of the equation. Add or to both sides. There is no solution in the real number system. Previous Quiz Solving Quadratic Equations. Next Word Problems.

Out of the water, they can stay moist by closing up their shell with a trapdoor-like structure called an operculum. Periwinkles are mollusks. Is periwinkle flower edible? There is no reason to consider the Vinca major poisonous. Catharanthus rosea formerly Vinca rosea , the Madagascar periwinkle, does contain a group of alkaloids including vinchristine and vinblastine both of which are used in chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy is, of course, controlled poisoning. Is Periwinkle poisonous to dogs? With its small namesake blue or pink flowers, periwinkle makes an attractive ground-cover plant, but it can be quite toxic, even resulting in death rare. Is periwinkle a seafood? Periwinkle is an edible sea food known scientifically as Littorina Littorea. This sea snail has gills and an operculum. Its shell is much harder and stronger than that of an ordinary snail. This delicious seafood is sumptuous to behold and provides a lot of health benefits.

How do you take care of periwinkle snails? Introduce the snail into an established salt water aquarium that already has a growth of algae, since this is the periwinkle's main food. If algae is insufficient, dried seaweed may be offered as a substitute until algae growth has increased. These snails use little energy and may only eat every two to three weeks.

What animal eats limpets? Predators and threats Limpets are prey for starfish, shore-birds, fish, seals, and humans. They have a two main defences; fleeing letting go in the water or clamping their shells against the surface they are on. How do periwinkles protect themselves? Reproduction is sexual, and females lay eggs in capsules of about eggs.

These capsules are about 1mm in size. After floating in the ocean, the veliger hatches after a few days. Furthermore, what is the benefit of Periwinkle?

Common periwinkles are herbivores, using their file-like tongue, the radula, to feed on diatoms and algae attached to intertidal rocks. The common periwinkle breaks down its food by mixing it with mucous on the radula before bringing the food into its mouth. Sea stars, whelks, and some fish eat common periwinkles.

Description: Coiled shell, operculum is usually present and corneous, rarely calcified. Its head has a pair of tentacles with basal eyes. Although tasty when cooked, periwinkles are one of the most unfamiliar and neglected seafoods. Found in the tidal zones of most coastal areas in the world, these edible sea snails pack more flavour and texture than the more familiar clams, oysters and even abalone. Periwinkle Vinca major and Vinca minor is a mildly poisonous plant.

Vinca has been used to treat high blood pressure and control excessive bleeding, but overdose results in hypotension low blood pressure , which can cause collapse.

Known as the Edible periwinkle , Common periwinkle or Winkle, it looks pretty similar to a land snail, with a dark brown or grey banded shell and little eye stalks poking out. The Edible periwinkle feeds by grazing on algae on the rocks using its rasping tongue, called a radula. Cooking periwinkles is simple. Once cooked the periwinkle's operculum will easily detach from the body and resembles a flake of mica. The taste is similar to a steamer but with a more inviting texture.

You can eat any variety of them, at any time of year, though some aren't worth bothering with as they are so small. You need a lot of periwinkles per person. Introduce the snail into an established salt water aquarium that already has a growth of algae, since this is the periwinkle's main food. If algae is insufficient, dried seaweed may be offered as a substitute until algae growth has increased.

These snails use little energy and may only eat every two to three weeks. Predators and threats Limpets are prey for starfish , shore- birds , fish , seals , and humans.

The common periwinkle is mainly found on rocky shores in the higher and middle intertidal zone. The higher classification of the Gastropoda of Bouchet and Rocroi places Littorina in clade Littorinimorpha of the Caenogastropoda. Description Top of page Reid gives the mature shell height of L.

Fossils of L. The apparent range of L. Localised, accidental introductions continue, but an invasive population remains absent -Connecticut Present Introduced Invasive Verrill Brawley et al. Over time, most scientists have considered L. Pictou was an important port in the early s, and The advance of L.

The rapidity of its step-wise southward movement from Halifax was well chronicled in the U. Verrill and Morse provided vivid accounts of its southern migration: L. Meanwhile, collections were made at points distant to Pictou in the Gulf of St Lawrence: Morse received samples from Bathurst on the New Brunswick shore near Quebec in , and it was collected in southern Labrador in Bequaert, The discovery of rare sub-fossils of L.

These finds and radiocarbon ages supported two different points of view: 1 L. Bird suggested natural colonization of North America by L. European fossils of L. Given how abundant this snail is in its native and invasive habitats, the rarity of fossils and subfossils in North America offers little support for the existence of a native population in North America. The nature of these sub-fossils remains unresolved, but their rarity led Brawley et al. The present failure of L.

Molecular analyses strongly support introduction of L. Wares et al. Blakeslee et al. Thus, they hypothesized that North American haplotypes in their study for which they found no matches in Europe i. Indeed, applying a historical analysis of shipping to sampling design for further molecular analyses, Brawley et al. Brawley et al. Eight of 9 cytochrome b haplotypes of L. Considering L.

This study also found that there was a weak match between haplotypes in Scandinavia versus Pictou and Nova Scotia as a whole Brawley et al. The match to haplotypes from Ireland and Great Britain is consistent with Brawley et als finding that The more recent time y BP fits historical reports of the discovery of L.

Continued sampling from British ports involved in s trade with Pictou Brawley et al. Some of the ballast used by British ships came from the intertidal zone, and the molecular analyses support this route for the introduction of L. Risk of Introduction Top of page L. A key limiting factor to establishment after introduction is likely to be that the species is unisexual male or female, see Reproductive Biology. Given natural predation in an introduced habitat, obligate sexual reproduction requires that a large number of sexually mature females and males be introduced simultaneously in order for establishment of L.

The evidence is that this rarely occurs, and is why the repetitive, large-scale ballast discharge into Pictou Harbour is likely to have been critical to the invasion of North America Brawley et al. Once abundantly established in a new location, however, L. Biology and Ecology Top of page Reproductive Biology Following copulation by males and females, capsules i.

Reproduction is seasonal, usually including part of the winter and spring, and capsules are typically spawned at night on full and new moon spring tides during the reproductive period Fish, Water temperature controls the onset and duration of spawning Chase and Thomas, The planktonic stages are a trochophore larva followed by a veliger larva, and the trochophore stage lasts for about a week Fretter and Graham, , see their fig.

This snail feeds primarily on ephemeral filamentous and bladed algae and diatoms, including Acrosiphonia spp. Bequaert reports the work of a contemporary scientist WT Davis who kept L. This snail also feeds on marsh grasses, perhaps with more effect on rhizomes than blades, as well as scraping surficial diatoms and epiphytes from blade surfaces e.

Trematode parasites of L. Blakeslee and Byers found 11 trematode species associated with European L. Shell borers, both sponges Cliona sp. Stefaniak et al. Especially, this increases the susceptibility of larger L.

The eurythermal tolerance of L. Clarke et al. Heat comma limits of Yorkshire L. A weekly, near-lethal heat coma event can be tolerated, but animals quickly succumb to repeated daily exposures to high temperature Clarke et al.

The median upper lethal temperature for Scottish L. The freezing tolerance of L. Hypoxia is tolerated by L. Larvae of White Sea L. Means of Movement and Dispersal Top of page Natural Dispersal This species disperses well because of its planktonic larva.

The period that the larva trochophore through veliger spends in the plankton before metamorphosis and settlement is about weeks Thorson, ; Fretter and Graham, ; Williams, It is highly likely that L.

In the twentieth century, local introductions of L. Underlining this likely route of introduction of L. Transport of L. The type of A. Steneck and Carlton suggested that the introduction s of L.

There are no data to support this interesting idea e. The Northumberland Strait and western Cape Breton Island areas of Nova Scotia were particularly exposed to high intensity introduction potential due to the number of ships that sailed with ballast, discharging it to load timber before returning to Great Britain Brawley et al.

Economic Impact Top of page This snail is a concern to fish aquaculture because, when abundant, it can cause more fish to be infected with trematode parasites e. Environmental Impact Top of page Impact on Habitats One of the most important demonstrations of the ecological effects of L. High intertidal pools are filled with Ulva intestinalis and similar species when L. The rest of the intertidal shore can be grazed down to bare or crust-covered rock at high L. At moderate densities, L.

It is likely that shores of the northwestern Atlantic had different species compositions quantitatively prior to the introduction of L. Eastwood et al. Of course, there were still native fishes, birds, and crabs that are littorinid predators, and L.

Thus, demonstration of the niche overlap of these two snails e. The consequences of grazing by L. Littorea littorea can physically alter salt marsh habitats and cobbled beaches by affecting sediment accretion Bertness, There are both facilitations and inhibitions on settlement of invertebrate larvae e. Impacts on Biodiversity Grazing by L. As noted above, L. Uses Top of page Productive Uses Scheibling et al.

Although L. They do show how complex the northwestern Atlantic shore is in terms of interactions between native and successive waves of invasive species. An earlier use of L. A fishery for periwinkles has existed for centuries in parts of Europe e. Landings of the L. Annual landings and value were about two times higher during most of the s than landings and value from The primary area of L.

A periwinkle fishery developed in some areas of Canada e. In the Maritimes, the best price is for animals over 19 mm shell height; these animals are four years old Sharp, Sharp et al. These regulations make it unlawful to use SCUBA, snorkelling, pumps or suction-devices to harvest periwinkles, and they require that undersize periwinkles be returned to the waters where they were collected.

Detection and Inspection Top of page L. Control Once a large breeding population is established, eradication is not feasible, and the snail can be expected to extend its range substantially. Public awareness. West Coast if established from Atlantic shores and distributed them to fishing shops, etc.

This is an attempt to limit shipment and introduction of invasives. The San Francisco Estuary Partnership also has a website and outreach programs designed to increase public awareness of the danger of release of L. What finally leads to successful invasion of L. What can replace seaweed packing materials for shipment of shellfish, fish bait, etc. Compendium record.

Distribution Maps Top of page You can pan and zoom the map. Select a dataset I want to see the distribution of this species based on the records CABI believe are most reliable. I want to see other datasets from third-party sources. Map Legends Display By. Map Filters Clear all filters Extent. Unsupported Web Browser: One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.

Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. Ok Cancel. Top of page. Title Habit. Littorina littorea on the Maine coast, USA, where they are invasive and the most numerous intertidal herbivore. Sertkaya et al. Reid Brawley et al. Reid Buschbaum et al. Barroso et al. Saranchova et al. Reid Rare on Channel Islands except at Alderney.

Morse Edgell and Rochette Brawley et al. Bequaert Blakeslee and Byers Brawley et al. Willis Brawley et al. Localised, accidental introductions continue, but an invasive population remains absent. Verrill Brawley et al. Wells One living individual found in attached Fucus spiralis.

Morse Brawley et al. Carlton Occasional introduction but not established. Vermeij No longer present. Hanna Few individuals found in Puget Sound; invasive population not established and no longer present. See text for discussion of subfossils in North America that predate this period; these subfossils have led to propose that there was also a native population. Carlton ; San Francisco Estuary Partnership

Recently, other problems have appeared. Modern information technologies pose challenges to privacy and confidentiality [ 18 ]. Great effort has been undertaken to protect data personal health information , but this protection is not consistently applied on all levels. For example, to obtain coverage from the national insurance fund, patient-identifying data, such as their names and diagnoses, have to be sent to a central office.

There, even though the company and its employees have a duty to respect confidentiality, confidential medical information is still potentially accessible by unauthorized employees. According to hospital physicians, the electronic records of patients in hospital environments, as well as other written documents such as medical histories, are not adequately protected by privacy standards. All patient data is online. Private providers keep family medicine electronic records and some family physicians are worried that the commitment to confidentiality may thus be questionable.

Such inquiries are seen as problematic even though they are frequently tolerated. And I had great difficulties to keep that, just technically speaking… because in our community and mentality it is normal that the doorkeeper has the list of all the names and directs the visitors. It is often a custom that various medical certificates e.

This is not really an encryption because employers or other parties involved can readily look for the proper meaning of these diagnoses on the Internet. Family practitioners were especially concerned about this problem since they issue these certificates. Why should the employer have to know which particular disease his employee has? Sometimes purposefully omitting a diagnosis seemed ethically more appropriate. One family physician admitted:.

She requested documentation of all her past history in order to apply for a job. I found a record of psychiatric treatment from 10 years ago but after that she was fine. Regarding the qualitative content of the information, several viewpoints were raised. As one of the participants vividly described MP , truth in a medical environment is a very thin and malleable concept. Nevertheless, all could agree that in theory one has to be sincere and tell the truth.

For some participants, however, the truth can be packaged differently. Ethical norms should certainly be respected, but it is an art to know when something is possible to tell or not. You need a feeling for that. Some of them admit to having lied sometimes purposefully, or at least omitted the truth, justifying it by claiming that it had a positive effect on their patients.

I admit that, at the beginning of my medical career I have sometimes asked the pathologists to write their findings differently and I can tell you that these cases ended well. Even in cases with highly educated patients involved. Physicians, they said, have to be skilled, educated and aware of how to disclose the truth.

One participant from the patient group explained it vividly:. However, the disclosure of bad news can be an especially stressful experience for family practitioners because of their close connection with patients. This makes them prone to emotional decision-making and consequently also prone to paternalism. One emotionally understandable but ethically questionable approach was described as follows:. I think that it is very important, also from a practical point of view.

Family members have to be prepared for all. They will have to care for him. Regarding the quantitative extent of the information provided, two approaches were found as regards revealing the diagnosis to the patient.

The patient needs to know what to expect. As one of the experienced physician simply described it:. Do you have any questions for me? This paternalistic attitude was countered by some participants MP who promptly agreed with a participating cardiologist who stated that:.

Nevertheless, it is important to note here that the literature reveals preferences of patients to generally be informed [ 19 , 20 ]. Albeit information disclosure can have harmful effects on patients [ 21 , 22 ] it is now usually thought that benefits of disclosure greatly outweigh potential harms [ 18 ].

According to our findings the age of the patient and his cognitive abilities play an important role in the way and amount of information that can be given to him. Also, what is important is the terminology used. As one doctor explained:. For her tumor is ok even though she knows it is a serious illness.

Patients in our study felt the same and greatly appreciated that way of communicating. They frequently more readily accepted the term tumor rather than that of cancer. Medical students were particularly critical of the lack of communication in hospital settings.

On the other hand, students were startled, as were patients, when a difficult diagnosis was revealed too openly — that is, callously straightforward - which they perceived as being crude and thoughtless. I would frequently question myself why is it that they are so oblivious? The timing of the disclosure of a diagnosis and prognosis is very important.

Generally, all our participants could agree that it should be soon, although not before the patient is ready to hear it. Yet, it is not easy to judge when circumstances are right. Particular concerns over patients with psychiatric illness were expressed. The right timing here is very important. On the other hand, the patient group was concerned regarding the delayed diagnosis of a condition with a poor prognosis. I was lying there for days feeling really sick and miserable.

I was undergoing some diagnostic procedures but no one would tell me what they were suspecting. It has been generally acknowledged that the patient is the one who should be told first about his condition and it is his or her choice whom to tell later.

In practice, in Croatia, in the hospital setting as well as in family practice, there are frequent requests from family members not to reveal the diagnosis to the patient. This fact raises moral concerns for the doctors in charge. However, there are examples of appropriate ways of dealing with such situations. An experienced and sensitive clinician described his style and methods of dealing with such situations:. When their family comes I make them sit down and I go to ask the patient — can I speak to your family about your condition?

Written consent forms were introduced in Croatian hospitals only a decade ago. They have been primarily used to address legal concerns to protect the physician and the hospital and are still frequently administered to patients without first providing sufficient information. Even though great care has been taken in writing some consent forms, patients complain that they often do not understand the terminology. Some students observed that the forms are often administered by nurses or by students themselves who may not appreciate all that is involved in the procedure.

Thus, consent becomes a formulaic process and patients largely accept it. An experienced specialist stated:. What is the risk? And so forth… but the majority of my patients trust me and they just say — whatever you say, Mr. Not all of them say it in such an explicit way but they mean it. Our duty should be to ask them whether they have some more questions.

If everything is clear they can sign it. The perception is that there is a need to advance a larger social good -- for example, to protect the community from patients with communicable diseases or from psychiatric patients who are a danger to others.

One participant observed the negative side of this attitude. I think that now we have to slowly change that and give individual autonomy a higher [place in the] hierarchy of values than before.

The majority of participants the same was in MS1, MS6 and FM groups were more concerned about protecting the spouse or other close contacts.

By contrast, practitioners with more experience in treating such patients had different views - they were more concerned for the patient himself. It is worth mentioning that some medical students and residents learn at an early point in their education that deception can be an acceptable option.

Participants from groups consisting of medical students, family physicians and hospital clinicians complained that medical education, including residency programs, failed to instruct students and residents how to deal with the frequent ethical dilemmas that arise regarding patient autonomy.

The only ethical issues they remembered were debates on the right to abortion or euthanasia. Students MS1, MS6 admitted that they were greatly influenced by their teachers as role models. Guidelines and algorithms on how to behave ethically would be welcomed. Force feeding could be described as a paternalistic intervention designed to facilitate further treatment, with the intention of resurrecting the ability to make authentically autonomous decisions.

Home Advice and support Ethics Ethics toolkit for medical students. Previous topic Key principles of ethics for medical students. Next topic Medical students and the GMC. Ethics toolkit for medical students Autonomy or self-determination as a medical student Location: England Wales Northern Ireland. Audience: Medical students. Updated: Friday 1 May What do we mean by autonomy?

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Einstein: Eggs come on bagels only and are microwaved. Bagels: Einstein: Soft, fresh, and chewy are the main characteristics. Unlike at traditional bagelries, the bagels here as well as at Panera are not boiled before baking; that's why the crust is never crusty the bagels instead get steamed while in the oven.

Panera: It's a pretty similar bagel as at Einstein. I thought the Panera bagel had a bit more of a malty flavor, and were a little less soft. Edge: A slight one to Panera. Coffee: Panera: Coffee comes in two styles: Dark roast and light roast. I tried the former and it was a strong, solid cup of joe.

There were timers on each brewer so diners can know how fresh the coffee is. Einstein: More choices of coffee Melvin's brand , and equally good as Panera. Except the timers were not on the coffee machines, so one couldn't tell how long ago each one was brewed. Edge: A draw. Service: Einstein: The staff here has turned over year after year, and yet, almost miraculously, the incompetency has remained absolutely consistent.

If you go in and order a bagel to go, unsliced and untoasted, there is at least a 60 percent chance your bagel will be either toasted or sliced; this has been true since day one. Panera: Too soon to tell, but they got my order right the first time, which is something, as stated, rarely achieved at Einstein. Because the workers there can't possibly be worse. Overall: Panera seems pretty impressive at this point -- it really offers a lot more than Einstein, and the quality appears to be better.

Only real edge that Einstein has at this point is that people tend to leave their newspapers laying around, so there's generally something to read when you go there. Good news, carb-lovers: you might be able to get a whole month's worth of free bagels at your local Panera. Multiple employees and customers reveal that Panera Card members may be eligible to receive a free daily bagel for a month. When you're done with your month of free bagels, just make sure you're eating plenty of healthy carbs in their place.

Unfortunately, just because you're an employee doesn't mean you can hand out free food to your friends. Food costs, my friend. Don't harm the cafe that pays you. If you want your favorite Panera food every day of the week, but don't feel like making seven trips to the store, you can buy certain items in larger quantities. Employees reveal that you can buy a full tub of popular products, like hazelnut cream cheese. It may taste homemade, but that Panera soup wasn't actually prepared by the workers at your local shop.

If you've ever wondered why your muffin comes with a knife and fork , that might just be policy at your local Panera. Panera's famous bread may have been baked on premises, but don't expect that the employees have been mixing the ingredients themselves.

The dough is sent to the store pre-made, according to employees. Bad news, Panera pasta fans: that mac and cheese isn't being lovingly made by somebody in the kitchen.

Panera workers reveal that every pasta dish is heated up in a microwave before it's served. If you don't want to annoy the employees at your local Panera, go inside to grab your Rapid Pickup order. Getting your order at the drive-thru holds up the line and makes more work for the people working at the store. While most Panera baked goods are cooked in-house, two items are exceptions to the rule. If your phone is running low on batteries, head to your local Panera Bread.

Some locations are now offering both Bluetooth keyboards and wireless charging stations at tables. Panera's bagels aren't always precisely sliced, but that's not necessarily the result of human error.

One employee reveals that bagels at Panera are machine-sliced to save time and standardize the process. Unfortunately, sometimes even machines make mistakes. Panera employees may all don that trademark apron, but each store's ownership dictates what uniform they're required to wear.

Lucky residents of Washington D. After the chain shed Au Bon Pain in , it completely blew up. What started out as just 20 shops in the St. Louis area became nearly 2, locations in just a decade. In alone, the store expanded by more than 30 percent , meaning a new location was unveiled almost every five days. Not to mention that the company did this all while maintaining quality and customer commitment.

If Beethoven isn't your jam, then Panera might not be the place for you. The cafe is notorious for only pumping the classical beats.

So if you were hoping for some jazz, you might be better off kicking it at Starbucks. Yes, you read that right: A handful of locations in lower-income areas operate on a "pay-what-you-can" system.

At these shops, or Panera Cares Community Cafes as they're called, the menu lists suggested donations, but accepts whatever you can afford. Panera estimates that about 60 percent of customers usually pay that amount or more, and that these stores tend to bring in 70 to 75 percent of the profits of a normal store. Before McDonald's started shilling kale salad, Panera led the healthy eating revolution by doing something that's now considered commonplace: It was the first to start listing calorie counts on menus.

In addition to that, it also removed all artificial trans fats from the menu in and completely eliminated artificial ingredients from its ingredients in January Their soup menu is officially free of artificial additives, though it took over 60 tries to make the Broccoli Cheddar Soup 'clean'!

With outbreaks of salmonella, norovirus and E. All eggs will be cage-free by Panera employs over 6, bakers who make more than million bagels and 50 million baguettes each year.

Every night, fresh dough is delivered to all Panera locations from Fresh Dough Facilities across the country.

You can also form an incomplete man raid and queue, with additional members being chosen by the game to fill out the man roster; all players will be teleported to the raid. It is currently possible to form a regular party including cross-realm Real-ID friends and queue for the raid. It is not yet possible to convert a party including Real-ID friends into a raid. Since the Raid Finder is designed to serve players whose schedules do not permit regular raiding, it is designed to replace drop-outs.

It is not possible to invite specific players to a Raid Finder raid once it has started to prevent players from kicking pugged players to make room for friends. There is no lock-out for Raid Finder in the traditional sense. You can queue in the Raid Finder repeatedly and defeat the same bosses over and over again. However, you are only entitled to a chance to receive loot from a boss the first time you kill that boss per weekly reset.

If you kill the boss again later during the same weekly period, you are not eligible to receive any loot other than that from a charm bonus roll. If you are chosen as a replacement for a partially-completed raid it is possible for you to complete that raid, then queue again later and try for loot for bosses that you had not personally defeated yet. When the raid reaches bosses you have defeated, you will not be eligible for loot.

If you have completed bosses later in the progression schedule for a raid, the system will give you priority to join a group that will take on the bosses that you have missed. If you leave a Raid Finder squad while they are in combat with a boss and that squad defeats the boss during that same battle, you will not receive loot but will still be marked as having defeated that boss, and will not be eligible for any more rewards from that boss until the weekly reset.

Players who need to leave the keyboard in the middle of a fight may leave their characters in the raid to avoid being subject to this consequence. Wowpedia Explore. Main Page All Pages. World of Warcraft. Classic Vanilla The Frozen Throne Reforged. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? Raid Finder. Let us purchase shards for like stygian embers each.

Or a shard RNG box for like 50 embers. That's what I don't get. Shards are so random. Like why isn't there a vendor. But of course, that would make sense, and we don't do that here. Dungeons Dungeons operate under an instance-based lockout.

Normal dungeons can be reset at any time when the party is outside of the instance, and will reset automatically after a certain amount of time has passed. Heroic dungeons reset daily. This lockout does not affect you when queuing for random Heroic dungeons in the Group Finder. It only prevents you from queueing for specific dungeons you've already completed. Mythic dungeons reset weekly, but this does not affect Mythic Keystone dungeons.

All bosses can drop either their player or player loot. World Bosses Burning Crusade has 2 bosses, with individual lockouts. Starting with Warlords of Draenor, worldbosses began to rotate weekly. Information on these bosses can be found in the Adventure Journal in-game. Warlords of Draenor has 4 bosses. Legion has 15, split between the Broken Isles and the Broken Shore. Battle for Azeroth has 6, with 2 additional bosses in Nazjatar.

Shadowlands has 4. Did you find this article helpful? Yes No. Imagine you can complete a quest once a week to buy one Charm for 25 Elder Tokens. You also might be able to save up a few charms, but you won't be able to hoard them until the next tier of content. If you have one or more Charms of Good Fortune, then whenever you kill a raid boss in Raid Finder, normal or heroic then a new UI window will pop up asking if you want to spend your Charm on a bonus roll.

If you click yes, then you'll instantly get another shot at that boss's loot table! You will always win something from the bonus roll, such as a pile of gold, gems, or flasks. However, you also have a small but not miniscule chance of receiving a piece of epic loot. As with the personal loot system, the item will always be something designed for your current spec. Also, just as with personal loot, the game doesn't analyze if you already have the item, if the item would be an upgrade for you, or if you prefer axes to swords or anything like that.

Most importantly, winning a bonus roll has no effect on what other players win on their bonus rolls or what the boss drops normally. If you have saved up several Charms this will probably happen when you play but don't raid every week then you can use one per boss, but you can't cash in multiples on a single boss kill. If you want to save up all of your Charms for the final boss because he or she in the case of the mantid raid drops weapons or whatever, that is your prerogative, but you'll only be able to spend one per kill.

If you want to save up your Charms for heroic bosses, go for it. Here is an example of per-person loot and the bonus roll in action: Stan is a death knight. Jim Bob is a warrior. Naomi is a hunter. The three friends run Raid Finder together and tackle Mogu'shan Vaults. They get matched with a bunch of random folks from across their region. On the fourth boss, the Council of Kings, the game decides that Jim Bob wins an item. Jim Bob is a Fury warrior, so the game is either going to give him a two-handed Strength axe or a Strength bracer, because those are the two Fury-appropriate items on the Council of Kings loot table in this theoretical example.

Regardless of what Jim Bob wins, Stan might also win the same items. Naomi won't ever be offered those items, because they aren't appropriate hunter loot. If she had gotten lucky and earned loot for the kill, it would have been hunter appropriate. Let's say Naomi is frustrated because Bob and Stan both won loot and because the trinket she wants won't ever drop. So, she decides to use a Charm of Good Fortune.

Let's say she gets lucky and the game decides that she won an item instead of gold, flasks, etc. Thanks, game! She might get the trinket she wants, or she might get an Agility neckpiece that is also on the Council of Kings loot table. Her winning an item doesn't affect Stan or Jim Bob or anyone else, even if they use their Charms as well.

Okay, we're almost done here, but I did want to mention two other relevant changes. Area of Effect Looting Yes, we are doing area looting. After killing a group of enemies, you may have a bunch of corpses lying around perhaps because you went all Bladestorm on a bunch of hozen.

If you loot one of the corpses, the loot window will include items from all of the nearby corpses for which you have loot rights. Some recent games have incorporated a similar feature, and it's one of those things that players just want in their MMO these days. It's already in and it works fine.

The Future of Valor The second change I want to mention is that we plan to adjust the role of Valor points. Valor or the various other names that the currency has had over the years was originally added to WoW for two reasons: it helped to mitigate really bad luck, for those times when the boss just refused to drop the item you wanted, and it helped encourage players to stay with the group even if they didn't need anything off the next boss.

Elements in a grouping are yielded in the order they appear in source". Won't this mean First will always return A, E? CodeCaster You're right,. NET's hash dictionaries do have predictable ordering. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. The Overflow Blog.

Does ES6 make JavaScript frameworks obsolete? Podcast Do polyglots have an edge when it comes to mastering programming Featured on Meta. Now live: A fully responsive profile. Example: GroupBy in Query syntax C. Try it. Example: GroupBy clause in VB. StudentName Next Next. Example: GroupBy in method syntax C. Example: GroupBy in method syntax VB. GroupBy Function s s. The solution is to do this 2nd attempt in my question :. The reason intellisense didn't show Include after the query was because I needed the following using:.

It throws an exception if there is more than one such instance. ID is equal to ID. It basically separates the left-hand side of the lambda expression from the right-hand side. The left-hand side are the input variables. It's equivalent to the parameter list in an explicitly-defined method. That is s in the lambda expression plays the role of s below:. It's just that you don't have to declare the type of s as the compiler will infer it.

The nice thing is the compiler just automatically spits this out for you when you use a lambda expression. Asked 3 Months ago Answers: 5 Viewed 15 times. However, you are free to create your own keys which contain several values - these are called composite keys. A usage example could be if we wanted to group our users based on both their home country and their age, like this:. Notice the syntax we use in the GroupBy method - instead of supplying a single property, we create a new anonymous object, which contains the HomeCountry and the Age properties.

LINQ will now create groups based on these two properties and attach the anonymous object to the Key property of the group.

We are free to use both properties when we iterate over the groups, as you can see. It really allows you to use your data in new ways, with very little code. Previously this would either be very cumbersome or require a relational database, but with LINQ, you can use whatever data source you'd like and still get the same, easy-to-use functionality. C Tutorial.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples should be aware that this website may contain images or names of people who have since passed away. Register Login. Email Password Lost your password? Jump Rope for Heart Education Resources.

Are your students active enough? Over the last 38 years, over 10 million Aussie kids have skipped their way to a healthier heart.

How to Participate Jump Rope for Heart can help primary schools meet the mandatory weekly requirements for student participation in sport and physical activity. To participate please follow the steps below: Register your school at jumprope. Parents can register their children at jumprope. We always knew she was a little champion, but to be putting in this much effort and raising so much money for the Heart Foundation in her first year at school is fantastic.

It means a lot to our family, especially my mum. Jump Rope for Heart is such a great way to engage kids in exercise and keeping fit! Love it. To be happy and healthy, children need 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day. Join Jump Rope for Heart to see more skipping skills videos. More than , Australians live with the painful impact of heart disease today. You might know someone whose life has been impacted by heart disease. When primary school kids join Jump Rope for Heart, they help to improve their own heart health, while raising money to support lifesaving heart disease research.

For more than 38 years, Jump Rope for Heart has helped to fund groundbreaking research that helps to fight heart disease. For heart health information and support, call our Helpline on 13 11 12 or visit heartfoundation. This article is intended as a complete overview of the Jump Rope for Heart program, as well as a guide for getting started putting on an event. Jump Rope For Heart is a fundraising and event program that has become one of THE premier annual events for elementary and middle schools, with thousands of schools and millions of kids participating across the USA every year.

The Jump Rope for Heart concept is also practiced in many other countries, including:. The gym and school are usually plastered with fun heart health posters and educational materials.

Along the way, kids are encouraged to fundraise by asking friends and family for donations that will be sent to the American Heart Association to support research and education programs. The event typically last about a month and is usually hosted in February American Hearth Month. Once registered, the American Heart Association provides schools with a step-by-step guide for organizing the event, a series of classroom-based physical activity plans and resources, jump ropes to use for the event, and information and tools to assist with fundraising.

Jump Rope for Heart has made a huge impact on the fight against heart disease with tons of success stories. Surprisingly, Jump Rope for Heart has been around for over 40 years.

The concept was originally created in a small high school gym, at Riverside High School in Milwaukee. Jean Barkow , the high school P. She accomplished this through the very first jump rope fundraiser , Jump-Rope-a-Thon. It was so successful that Riverside High School held it again the following year, as did other schools in the area that liked the concept.

A little over a year later, in , the American Heart Association, in partnership with American Alliance for Health, created Jump Rope for Heart and rolled it out across the nation.

The one main difference between now and the s is that now credit bureaus have access to mortgage information. If you make a strategic default, it will follow you. Can't see the forum? Click here. Pseudonyms will no longer be permitted. By submitting a comment, you accept that CBC has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner CBC chooses. Please note that CBC does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. Comments on this story are moderated according to our Submission Guidelines.

Comments are welcome while open. We reserve the right to close comments at any time. Join the conversation Create account. Already have an account? Calgary Jingle mail rears its ugly head in Alberta again High debt, lost jobs, and Alberta-only rules are leading to worry about the return of jingle mail in the province. Social Sharing. One of the big bads from the s is starting to emerge again in Alberta. CBC Forum House keys sent to the bank? Your thoughts on mortgage defaults Home sales and prices to fall even further in , Calgary Real Estate Board projects Calgary real estate market now has 'strong' evidence of problems: CMHC It's enough of a concern that the federal government is watching the Alberta market closely.

CBC Forum on mortgages "Sending house keys back to the bank seems very irresponsible. Jingle mail was an enormous problem in Alberta in the s, when mortgage rates were hovering around 20 per cent and people began leaving the province to find work elsewhere.

It made a rough housing market even worse when banks were forced to sell off abandoned homes at a discount.

It also played a role in the U. Bruce Alger on strategic defaults 6 years ago Tax Resources. Real Estate Resources. Comprehensive real estate investing service including CRE. Learn more. Already a member? Sign in here. Access to timely real estate stock ideas and Top Ten recommendations.

Learn More. A merry term describes an ominous trend for the housing market. Real estate has long been the go-to investment for those looking to build long-term wealth for generations. Let us help you navigate this asset class by signing up for our comprehensive real estate investing guide.

Contrary to the merry-sounding name, jingle mail signifies grim times for the housing market. The more industry-correct name for this is voluntary foreclosure. The borrower no longer sees a way to catch up on their mortgage, or they calculate that to do so would put them in an otherwise untenable financial position , so they move out on their own schedule instead of waiting for the bank to foreclose. Sure, though in the past it was less likely that landlords would let several months go by with rent uncollected.

And can it apply to commercial real estate? Lately, yes, and not only investors but real estate investment trusts REITs have been dealt a death blow, when, for example, an entire mall property or mixed-use development has in effect jingle-mailed all the keys because none of their tenants can pay anymore.

In commercial real estate, a voluntary title transfer is called a "deed in lieu" and is a strategic move to head off foreclosure. This is when a borrower deliberately and with forethought stops making payments, though they might be able to because the property has become a bad investment.

In , the situation was slightly different in that so many homes had significantly decreased in value. This is the term for when a borrower owes more than an asset is worth.

Is it illegal? Technically, perhaps not. That said, if a lender has the way to go after a borrower and reasonable belief that they can collect, they will. As we head into a new administration and hope every day for another COVID relief package, avoiding the sounds of jingle mail from every which way is surely a priority. Our team of analysts agrees. These 10 real estate plays are the best ways to invest in real estate right now.

My Tickets. Contact Support. World of Warcraft Patch 9. Guild Bank Theft Updated: 2 months ago. Relevant Products:. Common Problems Someone stole all the stuff in the guild bank. Our guild bank got scammed.

Thief took all the stuff in our guild bank and then left the guild. Guild Masters can modify and restrict access to the guild bank. History Talk 0. Guild vault on the side of Darnassus bank. Guild vault inside the bank of Exodar. Guild vault inside the bank of Ironforge. Guild vault inside the bank of Stormwind City. Guild vault inside the bank of Orgrimmar. Guild vault inside the bank of Silvermoon City. Guild vault in front of Thunder Bluff bank.

Guild vault on the side of Undercity bank. Guild vault inside the Aldor bank in Shattrath City. However disposing of unwanted stock in this way has it's side effect - it brings in cash, and lots of it I did not say side effect was bad.

That is the time when person in charge of Guild Bank is put through the ultimate test. But lets say the person you entrusted with the burden of Guild Bank turned out to be trustworthy and the cash remained intact. What should you do with it? Note that in large guilds the cash income can be significant, in 10s or even s of thousands of gold. Portion of this cash can be stashed for "rainy day", ie when you need to push for that boss kill and every potion counts. That gold can also be used to purchase items needed by guild from Auction House to be made available from Guild Bank.

Just be sure to give the money back into guild or at least portion of it , how you do it is totally up to you. Guild Banks were introduced in patch 2. Permissions are set by rank, just like other permissions. The Guild Leader can set the maximum amount of gold able to be withdrawn per day, and can individually set whether a rank can view or deposit to each tab available, as well as how many items or stacks per day a player can withdraw.

There are six tabs available for purchase, each with 98 slots. There is no need for bags. The cost is g for the first tab, and the cost increases with each additional tab g, g, g, g, g. Repair NPCs now have a 'pay for repairs from guild funds' button available if your Guild Leader has set up permissions for you to be able to withdraw funds from the bank.

You can use this to repair up to your daily withdrawal limit, if you have the permission set as such. In game, each tab keeps a log of the last 25 transactions, viewable when you visit the Guild Vault.

In addition, the armory www. Try logging in with no mods enabled to set your Guild Bank permissions. There is a bug in some mods we haven't narrowed down which yet that doesn't play well with the Blizzard UI when setting ranks and permissions. You can turn them back on once you've set your permissions. Right-click on the tab icon, and you can set the name and icon for the tab much like you do when creating a macro. If you have sufficient permissions, you can move items from one tab to another, and it shows as such in the bank log file.

How do you access guild bank? How do I access my guild bank eso? How do you access the guild bank in Shadowlands? How do I access my bank in guild Wars 2? How do I change my guild bank settings? How does guild bank work? How many NPC guilds can you join in eso? How many guild bank tabs can you have?

Where is my bank gw2?

Holders can also choose to delegate their ATOM coins with validators instead of running the validator software themselves, which still allows them to receive a portion of the rewards for staking. As an interoperable, highly scalable blockchain network capable of hosting smart contracts, Cosmos has become popular among dApp developers that want to build efficient cross-chain decentralized applications dApps.

Each change, upgrade, or feature activation in the Cosmos protocol depends on approval by ATOM holders. Because the Cosmos network launched relatively recently and is still somewhat in its developmental stage, it hasn't yet fully realized the vision set out in its whitepaper.

Stargate is live! Congrats to Cosmos Hub Validators and engineers for making this happen! Today, we enter the Stargate! However, with the launch of the Stargate upgrade, blockchains can now communicate with one another thanks to the Inter-Blockchain Communication IBC protocol—which developers are now free to build with.

On top of this, the Stargate upgrade brings with it automatic upgrades, full-featured light clients, and efficiency gains of x, making Cosmos a force to be reckoned with. Read on the Decrypt App for the best experience. For the best experience, top crypto news at your fingertips and exclusive features download now. Learn The Projects. Create an account to save your articles. In brief Cosmos aims to create an "Internet of Blockchains" by improving interoperability.

Did you know? Load More. The problem describes a situation where decentralized actors in the system must agree on a common strategy, while some of the actors are malicious and cannot be trusted. Tendermint Core is a proof-of-stake algorithm which is supposed to be faster and more scalable compared to proof-of-work blockchains like Bitcoin. The event raised many discussions in the blockchain community on the importance of an individual behind a project for its survival and success.

The research and development projects on Cosmos blockchain are promoted and supported by grants from a Swiss-based Interchain Foundation. The major goal of the Cosmos blockchain is to connect other blockchains with each other, through expanding their functionalities and improving their efficiency. The vision for the Cosmos use-cases presented in its white paper included hosting distributed exchanges, bridging to other cryptocurrencies like Ethereum and multi-application integration. To date, more than 70 applications run their mainnets on Cosmos, while 57 more are at a proof-of-concept stage.

The main areas of applications include finance including decentralized exchanges , infrastructure, privacy and social interactions. For example, Binance Chain — a Binance project aimed to create a marketplace for issuing, using, and exchanging digital assets — is built using the Cosmos SDK. Other examples of the Cosmos projects are DATA — a blockchain based digital data authentication protocol, and CyberMiles — a blockchain for e-commerce.

Cosmos Hub is the central zone connected with all the others. All token exchanges between blockchains go through Cosmos Hub which ensures their tractability.

To facilitate the development of multi-functional applications on Cosmos and increase its attractiveness to developers, Cosmos is using Cosmos SDK. It is an open-source modular framework that allows developers to build interoperable, customized blockchains.

As Cosmos is a proof of stake blockchain, investors can earn rewards by staking its native token ATOM. Trying to solve the blockchain interoperability problem, Cosmos is competing in the field with some heavy-weight players like Polkadot. The transaction is able to propagates out across the peer-to-peer network to a large percentage of the nodes within seconds.

After a transaction is propagated to the network, it needs to be added to the blockchain. If you want to dive into it, here is a great explainer to get you started. Unlike Bitcoin, Ethereum is designed to enable decentralized applications. Ethereum has a high-level language i. It compiles smart contract code into byte code using an EVM compiler, which is then uploaded on the underlying blockchain.

The EVM then executes these smart contracts. All nodes in the Ethereum network run the EVM. Similar to Bitcoin, Ethereum also uses the gossip protocol to enable nodes to communicate messages and transactions with their peers. Just like Bitcoin, Ethash is inherently Sybil resistant because it relies on Proof of Work as of now.

I hope this has given you some clarity on blockchain architectures. This is because Bitcoin and Ethereum are built as one unit. On the other hand, Cosmos takes a slightly different approach: It separates the application layer from the consensus and networking layers. Since Cosmos is aiming to build a network of blockchains, this makes sense; each blockchain is independent and has its own needs and requirements i.

Pretend we are trying to build a money application. A simple stack-based scripting language like Bitcoin Scrypt makes the most sense in this scenario. This is exactly what we want when dealing with money and store of value. But this simplicity has its limits. Trying to do anything more elaborate e. The Bitcoin scripting language is restrained in the complexity of code it can execute and not exactly user-friendly.

Solidity is Turing-complete, so it can execute code of arbitrary algorithmic complexity… in theory. In this scenario, security is paramount. Moreover, smart contracts are hard to upgrade; this makes iterative development incredibly difficult. You ship once and just pray it all works!

Cosmos was built to serve this need, albeit it makes some huge tradeoffs to do so. But first, we must understand how the three layers of a blockchain work in Cosmos. Doing so will give us a better understanding of how building applications with Cosmos differs from making one with Bitcoin or Ethereum.

Blockchains in the Cosmos network use the Tendermint consensus algorithm. Recall that a consensus algorithm is responsible for making sure the state stored on every state machine is the same after a transaction occurs. The Tendermint consensus algorithm, therefore, defines the rules for how all the nodes within a blockchain network agree on the next block.

For doing so, validators receive fees and a block reward as payment. Tendermint aggregates votes from these validators to determine the correct next block. Each validator has its own voting power which is used to weigh the votes. The voting power is typically determined when the blockchain first launches at genesis or by the blockchain through some logic that the application developer decides on.

The typical approach to determine voting power is by the amount of tokens validators lock up in the system as collateral. By following protocol rules, validators come to a consensus on every block in rounds. Each round is composed of three steps Propose, Prevote, and Precommit , along with two contingent steps Commit and NewHeight. At a high level, here are the protocol rules that validators use to come to a consensus on what block to add to the next height:.

Note that there may be more than one round required to commit a block at any given block height. There are various reasons for this. The full details of the protocol can be found here. Unlike Nakamoto consensus and Ethash which is probabilistic, Tendermint is deterministic. In Tendermint, blocks are confirmed immediately after validators successfully vote and commit a block. Conversely, Tendermint consensus requires there to be a fixed and known set of validators, where each validator is identified by their public key.

Nakamoto Consensus and Ethash have no designated leader to propose the next block i. On the other hand, Tendermint chooses a leader, or proposer, who is responsible for proposing the next block. The Tendermint consensus algorithm follows a traditional approach which relies on all validators to communicate with one another to reach consensus.

Because of the communication overhead, it does not scale to s of validators like Bitcoin or Ethereum, which can have an unlimited number of validators. Tendermint works when there are s of validators. Besides this, it also requires the system to maintain some notion of time, which is known to be a complex problem in theory. Although in practice, Tendermint has proven this can be done reasonably well if you use the timestamp aggregates of each node. Well, decentralization is a means to an end, not a goal unto itself.

Having 10, 20, or validators is good enough. Therefore, the application state and logic lived on a blockchain. Our front-end, on the other hand, was proprietary.

This allowed us to build an incentive system to reward good behavior and punish bad behavior, it gave users transparency over the data layer, and allowed users to share in the ownership and governance of the network. They can vote on new features, vote out bad actors, and curate the network to their liking, both at the user and infrastructure level. It also gave developers the ability to inspect and build their own tools and services on top of the back-end blockchain logic.

Emissions regulations have been progressively tightened to the extent that just one car sold in the s would have produced as many harmful exhaust emissions as one hundred of today's automobiles equipped with catalytic converters. As the number of cars throughout the world increases, further cuts in pollution per vehicle are needed to keep improving air quality.

Many governments in the fast growing emerging markets of Brazil, India, and China — the BRIC countries —, are putting legislation in place to catch up with the standards already implemented in the US, Europe and Japan. Especially in large cities, the amount of pollution that all the cars produce together can create big problems. To solve those problems, cities, states and the federal government create clean-air laws that restrict the amount of pollution that cars can produce.

Over the years, automakers have made many refinements to car engines and fuel systems to keep up with these laws. One of these changes came about in with an interesting device called a catalytic converter. Catalytic converters are amazingly simple devices, so it is incredible to see how big an impact they have. In this article, you will learn which pollutants are produced by an engine and how a catalytic converter deals with each of these pollutants to help reduce vehicle emissions.

In order to reduce emissions, modern car engines carefully control the amount of fuel they burn. They try to keep the air-to-fuel ratio very close to the stoichiometric point, which is the ideal ratio of air to fuel. Theoretically, at this ratio, all of the fuel will be burned using all of the oxygen in the air. For gasoline , the stoichiometric ratio is about The fuel mixture actually varies from the ideal ratio quite a bit during driving.

Sometimes the mixture can be lean an air-to-fuel ratio higher than These emissions are mostly benign, although carbon dioxide emissions are believed to contribute to global warming. Because the combustion process is never perfect, some smaller amounts of more harmful emissions are also produced in car engines.

Catalytic converters are designed to reduce all three:. Gallon for gallon, new lawn mower engines contribute 93 times more smog-forming emissions than new cars. It's no wonder that the EPA and the state regulators of California are trying hard to get golf ball-sized catalytic converters into lawn mower and other small engines. However, just like in the s, the lawmakers are being met with a powerful lobby.

Four smaller lawn mower engine manufacturers have refuted this charge. California democrats and the EPA think it has more to do with the bottom line. Pending regulations proposed in California could reduce emissions by the equivalent of , cars per day [source: Barringer ]. In chemistry, a catalyst is a substance that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected.

Catalysts participate in the reactions, but are neither reactants nor products of the reaction they catalyze. In the human body, enzymes are naturally occurring catalysts responsible for many essential biochemical reactions [source: Chemicool ]. In the catalytic converter, there are two different types of catalyst at work, a reduction catalyst and an oxidation catalyst.

The idea is to create a structure that exposes the maximum surface area of catalyst to the exhaust stream, while also minimizing the amount of catalyst required, as the materials are extremely expensive. Some of the newest converters have even started to use gold mixed with the more traditional catalysts.

Most modern cars are equipped with three-way catalytic converters. This refers to the three regulated emissions it helps to reduce. It uses platinum and rhodium to help reduce the NOx emissions. When an NO or NO2 molecule contacts the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of O2. The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming N2.

For example:. The oxidation catalyst is the second stage of the catalytic converter. Without the redox process to filter and convert the nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and hydrocarbons, the air quality especially in large cities becomes harmful to the human being. Nitrogen oxides: These compounds are of the same family as nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, nitrous oxide, nitrates, and nitric oxide. When NO x is released into the air, it reacts, stimulated by sunlight, with organic compounds in the air; the result is smog.

Smog is a pollutant and has adverse effects on children's lungs. NO x reacting with sulfur dioxide produces acid rain, which is highly destructive to everything it lands on. Acid rain corrodes cars, plants, buildings, national monuments and pollutes lakes and streams to an acidity unsuitable for fish. NO x can also bind with ozone to create biological mutations such as smog , and reduce the transmission of light.

Carbon monoxide: This is a harmful variant of a naturally occurring gas, CO 2. Odorless and colorless, this gas does not have many useful functions in everyday processes.

Hydrocarbons: Inhaling hydrocarbons from gasoline, household cleaners, propellants, kerosene and other fuels can be fatal to children. Further complications include central nervous system impairments and cardiovascular problems.

The catalytic converter is a sensitive device with precious metals coating the inside. Without these metals, the redox reactions cannot occur. There are several substances and chemicals that inhibit the catalytic converter.

These contaminants prevent the catalytic converter from functioning properly. However, this process could be reversed by running the engine at a high temperature to increase the hot exhaust flow through the converter, melting or liquefying some of the contaminants and removing them from the exhaust pipe. This process does not work if the metal is coated with lead, because lead has a high boiling point.

If the lead poisoning is severe enough, the whole converter is rendered useless and must be replaced. Recall that thermodynamics predicts whether or not a reaction or process is spontaneous under certain conditions, but not the rate of the process. The redox reactions below occur slowly without a catalyst; even if the processes are thermodynamically favorable, they cannot occur without proper energy.

A catalyst aids in the thermodynamic process by lowering the activation energy; the catalyst itself does not produce a product, but it does affect the amount and the speed at which the products are formed. Due to the precious metals in the coating of the inner ceramic structure, many catalytic converters have been targeted for theft.

The converter is the most easily-accessible component because it lies on the outside and under the car. A thief could easily slide under the car, saw the connecting tubes on each end, and leave with the catalytic converter.

Although the catalytic converter has helped reduce toxic emissions from car engines, it also has detrimental environmental effects.