Can you id a supra

Footnote Franklin A. European Community, 23 U. INT'L L. If the immediately preceding footnote lists more than one authority, id. In this instance, you should use supra. Footnote Hannah L. Footnote Buxbaum, supra note 20, at Supra may be used to refer to a previously fully cited authority, unless id. In the below examples, supra is appropriate because an authority was fully cited in an earlier footnote, but not the immediately preceding one.

In the latter case, id. Supra may only be used to refer to certain categories of materials. Generally, "hereinafter" can be used to shorten names of cited authorities. According to The Bluebook , "after the first citation of the authority, but before any explanatory parenthetical, place the word "hereinafter" and the shortened form in brackets. The same guidelines as to when " supra " can and cannot be used also apply to "hereinafter".

See above under " supra ". The title of an authority is long or cumbersome, and shortening the title would reduce confusion. What does infra mean? When was the last supra made? How do you use a supra note? What does supra mean in real estate? Is there a comma after See also? What does Ibid mean? What does id mean in law? What does id mean in texting slang? How many times can you use Ibid in a row? Can you use Ibid in Harvard?

Can you use Ibid twice in a row Harvard? Should Ibid be in italics? Previous Article How do you use Ibid? Next Article What does Ibid mean in writing? An "at" is typically necessary to avoid confusion:.

O'Neill, supra note 15, at If a work has an institutional author, use the complete institutional name; works without an author may be cited to by the title, while unsigned student authored law journal works should be cited by the appropriate designation such as "Note" or "Comment.

NOTE: The typeface convention from the original source should be used for the author name or title in a " supra " citation. Law Review Typeface: Varies by source. The term "hereinafter" is used when using another short form would be impractical, cumbersome, or confusing. Two typical circumstances where a "hereinafter" is appropriate are when an author name or title is long and unwieldy for a normal "supra" short form citation and to distinguish between two or more authorities cited originally in the same footnote which could easily be confused with each other.

To use "hereinafter," at the end of the first full citation and enclosed in square brackets, but before any explanatory parenthetical, and write "hereinafter" followed by a shortened form of the authority, typically a paraphrase of the title or designation of the type of document as long as unambiguous. NOTE: The shortened "hereinafter" form should be in the same typeface as the original. Subsequent citations to the authority will function as supra citations but will use the hereinafter designation in place of the full author or title.

Bluebook Rule 21st : 3. Internal cross-references are used to cite to text and notes within the same work. Internal cross-references may point the reader to specific pages, designate parts and sections, paragraphs, or footnotes, as well as figures, charts, and graphs.

The rules for an appropriate citation to this material is discussed in greater detail in elsewhere in this guide at " Pages, paragraphs, and pincites ". Exact wording for internal cross-references, however, is flexible.

Both terms must be written in italics but they may be used either as an introductory signal combined with " See " or in a textual phrase directing the reader to the specific material. See supra notes and accompanying text. See cases cited infra note See discussion supra Part III. See supra pp. See infra Figure 5. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older.